This stage is characterized by remarkable changes in children’s abilities, behaviors, and interactions. It is a time when they develop physically, strengthen social bonds, navigate complex emotions, and enhance their intellectual abilities. School-age children become more independent and expand their social interactions beyond the family circle (Sørlie et al., 2021). They begin to develop deep and meaningful friendships and form connections based on shared interests and values. They also begin to understand the concept of teamwork and cooperation, engaging in group activities and collaborative projects (Howe, 2009). Each year brings significant changes in their cognitive abilities. They show improved critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and logical reasoning (Prado, 2019).
During the school-age years, children continue to refine their motor skills and experience significant growth in physical abilities. They show improved coordination, balance, and fine motor skills (Kitsao-Wekulo, 2013). Through sports, dancing, or playing musical instruments, they can improve their muscle strength and control and develop their creativity.
At this stage, they also become more aware of their feelings and the feelings of others. They develop a greater capacity for empathy and understanding, allowing them to navigate complex emotions and build deeper emotional connections with peers and family members (Thomson et al., 2018). They may also develop a sense of their own identity, exploring their interests, values, and beliefs.
The immature development of the prefrontal cortex in the first years of life refers to the gradual and continuous maturation of the frontal lobe of the brain during infancy and early childhood. The prefrontal cortex controls higher-level cognitive functions, such as decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation. During the first few years of life, the prefrontal cortex still develops, resulting in limited self-regulatory and reasoning abilities. This immaturity can lead to impulsive behavior, difficulty managing emotions, and challenges with attention and planning. With age, the prefrontal cortex continues to develop so that executive functions improve and cognitive abilities become more mature.
The stages of child development refer to the distinct phases of growth and maturation that children go through from infancy through adolescence. These stages include physical, social, emotional, and intellectual changes that occur at specific stages. In the first years, children develop their motor skills, social interactions, emotional awareness, and cognitive abilities. As they grow, they become more independent, form deeper relationships, explore their identities, and expand their knowledge and thinking skills. The stages of child development illustrate the continuous and dynamic nature of growth, with each stage building on the previous one.
Tantrums refer to intense, emotional outbursts that typically occur in young children, often during the preschool years. These episodes are characterized by uncontrollable expressions of frustration, anger, or distress, accompanied by behaviors such as crying, screaming, kicking, or hitting. Tantrums can occur when children have difficulty communicating their needs, wants, or feelings effectively. They can be triggered by factors such as fatigue, hunger, sensory overload, or an inability to cope with frustration. Tantrums are a normal part of child development but can be distressing for both the child and the caregiver.
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