Preschool children exhibit significant physical, social, emotional, and intellectual development. At this stage, kids begin to actively play with other children, interacting, sharing toys, and taking turns (Xiong et al., 2016). In preschool, kids develop oral language skills by answering questions, using grammatically correct sentences, and understanding and responding to various commands and instructions. As for pre-academic skills, they can recognize and name colors and shapes, match related objects, and demonstrate more advanced number concepts (Bassok & Latham, 2017).
The emotional and social development of preschool children shows that they are more aware of the feelings of others (Simon, 2021). They seek friendships and strive to be more independent (Meuwissen & Carlson, 2019). They enjoy participating in household activities and contributing to family routines. Therefore, parents should start giving them age-appropriate tasks and responsibilities. An important aspect of their development is playtime, which allows them to demonstrate and practice what they have learned (Whitebread et al., 2017).
During this stage, they develop empathy, better self-regulation, and problem-solving skills that benefit their healthy social and emotional development (Ramani & Brownell, 2013). These skills lay the foundation for building positive relationships, resolving conflicts, and effectively managing social interactions.
The immature development of the prefrontal cortex in the first years of life refers to the gradual and continuous maturation of the frontal lobe of the brain during infancy and early childhood. The prefrontal cortex controls higher-level cognitive functions, such as decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation. During the first few years of life, the prefrontal cortex still develops, resulting in limited self-regulatory and reasoning abilities. This immaturity can lead to impulsive behavior, difficulty managing emotions, and challenges with attention and planning. With age, the prefrontal cortex continues to develop so that executive functions improve and cognitive abilities become more mature.
The stages of child development refer to the distinct phases of growth and maturation that children go through from infancy through adolescence. These stages include physical, social, emotional, and intellectual changes that occur at specific stages. In the first years, children develop their motor skills, social interactions, emotional awareness, and cognitive abilities. As they grow, they become more independent, form deeper relationships, explore their identities, and expand their knowledge and thinking skills. The stages of child development illustrate the continuous and dynamic nature of growth, with each stage building on the previous one.
Tantrums refer to intense, emotional outbursts that typically occur in young children, often during the preschool years. These episodes are characterized by uncontrollable expressions of frustration, anger, or distress, accompanied by behaviors such as crying, screaming, kicking, or hitting. Tantrums can occur when children have difficulty communicating their needs, wants, or feelings effectively. They can be triggered by factors such as fatigue, hunger, sensory overload, or an inability to cope with frustration. Tantrums are a normal part of child development but can be distressing for both the child and the caregiver.
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